Roman Numerals Converter
Roman Symbol Reference
Result Summary
Quick Examples
Ancient Rome's Number System: Additive & Subtractive Logic
Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome, derived from tally marks carved into wood or stone. The system uses 7 Latin letter symbols (I, V, X, L, C, D, M) to represent values using two mathematical rules: additive notation (placing larger values before smaller ones to sum them) and subtractive notation (placing a smaller value before a larger one to indicate subtraction). Our converter implements both rules with full bidirectional accuracy.
Despite the dominance of Hindu-Arabic numerals (0–9) in all modern mathematics, Roman numerals remain a living convention in film/TV production credits, clock faces, book prefaces, sports events, and monarchical/papal succession naming.
The 6 Subtractive Notation Rules
- IV = 4 (not IIII): I before V subtracts 1 from 5.
- IX = 9 (not VIIII): I before X subtracts 1 from 10.
- XL = 40 (not XXXX): X before L subtracts 10 from 50.
- XC = 90 (not LXXXX): X before C subtracts 10 from 100.
- CD = 400 (not CCCC): C before D subtracts 100 from 500.
- CM = 900 (not DCCCC): C before M subtracts 100 from 1000.
How to use
- To convert a modern number, type any integer between 1 and 3999 into the 'Arabic Number' field.
- To convert Roman numerals back to numbers, type valid Roman letters (I, V, X, L, C, D, M) into the 'Roman Numeral' field.
- The calculator is bidirectional, updating one field will instantly update the other.
Roman Notation Rules
Roman numerals use a combination of letters from the Latin alphabet.
Subtractive Rule: IV = 4 (5-1).
Additive Rule: VI = 6 (5+1).
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